Grammar Review: Bedford 19, 20, 32, 56

GRAMMAR REVIEW: Sentences, Commas, Quotes
Complete the following grammar exercises by copying and pasting to a Notability document. Title it "Sentences and Comma review." Make the correction by either annotating or re-writing. Choose three sentences from each of the four practices to complete (do all three under Practice #4).

Practice #1 - Run-Ons and Comma Splices (Bedford 20)
Exercise 20-2

1. Death Valley National Monument, located in southern California and Nevada, is one of the hottest places on earth, temperatures there have soared as high as 134 degrees Fahrenheit.
2. Anamaria opened the boxes crammed with toys, out sprang griffins, dragons, and phoenixes.
3. Subatomic physics is filled with strange and marvelous particles, tiny bodies of matter that shiver, wobble, pulse, and flatten to no thickness at all.
4. The center of the French Quarter of New Orleans is Jackson Square, this square is one of the most beautiful urban spaces in the United States.
5. The neurosurgeon explained that the medication could have one side effect, it might cause me to experience temporary memory loss.

Tips (copy into your notes!)

• Identify how many independent clauses are in one sentence.
• Separate independent clauses with a comma and coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)
• Separate clauses with a semicolon (if two independent), a colon or a dash (if one dependent follows one independent clause).
• Separate the clauses into two sentences.
• Restructure the sentence by subordinating one of the clauses.

Practice #2 - Fragments and Incomplete Structure (Bedford 19)

Exercise 19-1

1. The panther lay motionless behind the rock. Waiting silently for its prey.
2. Mother loved to play all our favorite games. Canasta, Monopoly, hide-and-seek, and even kick-the-can.
3. With machetes, the explorers cut their way through the tall grasses to the edge of the canyon. Then they began to lay out the tapes for the survey.
4. The owners of the online grocery store rented a warehouse in the Market district. An area catering to small businesses.
5. If a woman from the desert tribe showed anger toward her husband, she was whipped in front of the whole village. And shunned by the rest of the women.

Tips (copy into notes!)

• Attach subordinate clauses to independent clauses to turn them into sentences (be sure to identify the main subject and the main verb. 
• Attach fragmented phrases or word groups to independent clauses.
• ONLY WHEN YOU HAVE MASTERED THIS: A fragment may be used for special emphasis or effect. 

Practice #3 - Comma Usage (Bedford 32)

Exercise 32-5

1. President Lincoln’s original intention was to save the Union, not to destroy slavery.
2. For centuries people believed that Greek culture had developed in isolation from the world. Today however scholars are acknowledging the contributions made by Egypt and the Middle East.
3. Putting together a successful fundraiser, Patricia discovered, requires creativity and good timing.
4. Fortunately science is creating many alternatives to research performed on animals.
5. While the machine was printing the oversize paper jammed.

Tips (copy into your notes!)

Use a comma...

• ...before a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) to join independent clauses
• ...after an introductory clause or phrase
• ..between all items in a series/list
• ...between adjectives describing the same thing (if there is no and)
• ...to set off language that is not completely necessary to the full meaning of a main point.
• ...to set off re-definitions, descriptions, or appositives (re-namings)
• ...to set off transitions or parenthetical expressions (side-comments)
• ...to properly format quotations, dates, titles, numbers, etc.

Practice #4 - Integrating Sources (Bedford 56): Using Quotations

1. The Bedford Handbook states "do not quote excessively" because lengthy quotations cannot be integrated "smoothly into your own text (597)".
2. "Readers need to move from your own words to the words of your source without feeling a jolt." (601)
3. According to the Bedford Handbook, one must use a signal phrase before a quote: "The information you gather from sources cannot speak for itself. Whenever you include a paraphrase, summary, or direct quotation of another writer in your paper, prepare your readers for it with an introduction called a signal phrase."

Tips (copy into notes!):

• Only quote text that is absolutely necessary. Do not include full or multiple sentences.
• Use a signal phrase with an appropriate verb (see Bedford)
• Use ellipsis or brackets to indicate skipped or modified content.
• Include an citation outside of the quote, before the period, with the page number.